There are two main types of thermodynamic processes: reversible process and the irreversible process. Irreversible Process: The process is said to be an irreversible process if it cannot return the…
The state of a system in which properties have definite, unchanged values as long as external conditions are unchanged is called an equilibrium state. Thermodynamic Equilibrium takes place when the…
Intensive Property: An intensive property is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. I.e. An…
Energy is the capacity to do work. Any form of energy can be transformed into another form. Energy has been expressed in several different units such as ergs and calories.…
Various forms of Energy are: Heat Energy A heat is defined as a transfer (flow) of thermal energy across certain boundary (for example, from a hot body to cold via…
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics tells us that energy is neither created nor destroyed, thus the energy of the universe is a constant. However, energy can certainly be transferred from…
Let us suppose that the state of a system changes at constant Pressure. Hence there will be change in volume of the system. Suppose volume changes from V1 to V2…
Let us assume that a system is changing with respect to pressure as well as volume. Let the ‘X’ be the initial state of the system and ‘Y’ is the…
We know that work differential dw is calculated as: dw= PdV ……………. (1) since volume V is a state function i.e. it is independent of the path hence dV is…
Enthalpy of Vaporizations: During evaporation of liquid, some absorption of heat from surroundings takes place. Hence, Liquid evaporation is fulfilled by increase in enthalpy. The increase in enthalpy while evaporation…
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