Explain in detail how Sommerfeld extended the Bohr Theory
admin Bohr was able to calculate the radii as well energies of the stationary orbit around the nucleus in an atom and those calculated values were found to be in a…
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What were the objections to the Bohr model of atom?
Though the Bohr and sommerfeld were able to explain the atomic spectra of hydrogen and like species but still there were many anomalies to their theory. Both Bohr’s theory and…
Explain the dual nature of electron?
In 1905, it was Einstein who suggested the concept of light having a dual nature; particle and wave nature. In a similar way, Louise de Broglie suggested that electron also…
What is the difference between matter and electromagnetic waves?
Electromagnetic waves are very much different from the matter waves and in many ways. a) Speed of matter waves is very much less than the speed of electromagnetic waves. b)…
Derive the Bohr angular momentum from de Broglie’s relation
Let us consider an electron revolving around a nucleus of an atom. The wave train formed by it is as shown in figure. Now, for the wave to be in…
Define third law of thermodynamics. Discuss the importance of third law of thermodynamics.
The third law of thermodynamics states that: “The entropy of all the perfect crystalline solids is zeros at absolute zero temperature”. The third law of thermodynamics is also referred to…
What is irreversible process? Give an example of irreversible process.
Irreversible process: An Irreversible process is one in which heat is transferred through a finite temperature. Irreversible process is also known as spontaneous process because these processes take place at…
Define the Nernst Heat Theorem
The Nernst Heat Theorem Let us consider the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation which includes chemical reaction i.e.: ∆G – ∆H = T (∂ (∆G)/∂T) P ………………………………….. (1) Where ∆G ——-> change in…
Determine the Absolute Entropies of Solids
Absolute entropies of solids: Entropy change for an infinitesimally small change of a state of a substance is given as: dS = dq / T If the changes take place…
Derive the Entropy of Real Gases
Entropy of real gases: We know that: (∂S / ∂P)T = – (∂V / ∂T)P ……………………. (1) is one of the Maxwell relations which can also be written as: dS…