Hydrogen ions, H+ also known as proton has very small size and greater electric field. Hence, it readily combines with water molecule to form Hydronium ion i.e. H3O+. For example: when a hydrogen chloride HCl dissolves in water, it gives a hydrogen ion to a ...

Arrhenius concept of acids and bases: In 1884, Ar Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist proposed a new theory of acids and bases known as Arrhenius concept of acids and bases. According to Arrhenius concept: An acid is a substance which dissociates in an aqueous solution to give ...

The weak electrolytes are only partially ionized and a dynamic equilibrium is maintained after sometime between the ions and unionized molecules. This is known as ionic equilibrium. Hence ionic equilibrium can be defined as: “Equilibrium which is established between the unionized molecules and the ions in the ...

Depending upon the extent or degree of ionization, the electrolytes are divided into two types: Strong electrolytes and Weak electrolytes Strong electrolytes: The substances, in aqueous which ionize almost completely into ions are known as strong electrolytes. The unionized molecules are present to such a small extent that ...

Though Lewis concept of acids and bases is more general than Arrhenius as well as Bronsted-Lowry concepts, yet it has several drawbacks which are discussed below: 1. Lewis concept gives the general idea and includes all the coordination reactions and coordination compounds. This may not be true ...

Chemical reactions in solutions play a very important role in chemistry. For example, sodium chloride does not conduct electricity in the solid state. However, when it is dissolved in water, it becomes good conductor of electricity. Michael Faraday classified the substances into two types: Electrolytes and ...

The quantity U + PV is known as the enthalpy of the system. It is denoted by H. It represents the total energy stored in the system. Thus H = U + PV Where U is a definite property P and V are also definite properties Hence H is ...

Change of internal energy in a chemical reaction: The energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules is called Internal energy. Internal energy is a state property i.e. its value depends only upon the state of the substance but does not depend upon how that ...