The closed system is defined as the system which does not have any inputs and does not send any signals outside. The open system is defined as the system which does have inputs and does send signals outside. The earth is included under it in ...

The biosphere is defined as the part of earth which is habituated. The atmosphere consists of both the biotic and abiotic components. The biosphere is also known as living mantle. This idea came into function 100 year ago. It was rejected than and its ...